Oedipal Complex in Hamlet Essay - 1069 Words

Hamlet and the Oedipal Complex In Shakespeares Hamlet, the title characters main, and only flaw, is his delay. This seems to constitute the central part in Hamlet. By the definition of tragedy, there should exist a flaw in the character of the main hero, who is a great personality that is engaged in a struggle that ends catastrophically. Various reasons for Hamlets delay are given. Important issues like madness, melancholy and cowardice are discussed, but the evidence reveals that he is capable of swift action, we deem him as an intelligent man and can therefore conclude that he is only pretending madness. To regard him simply as suffering from melancholy is not a sufficient explanation as he is eager to avenge the†¦show more content†¦There are no attendants about. If Claudius and Gertrude are able to be alone, even for a few minutes, surely Hamlet could have seized an opportunity to kill Claudius, simply by having the Queen sent away. There is another reason why Hamlet delays killing Claudi us, and Hamlet himself is not even aware of it. Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychology, was first to accredit Hamlets delay to his Oedipal complex. Freuds discovery of the Oedipal complex is based on Sophocles Oedipus Rex. In this drama, Oedipus unknowingly murders his father and sleeps with his mother. Through his research, Freud discovered that all men unconsciously desire to sleep with their mother. Freud also discovered that the human mind is composed of three distinct personalities--the id, ego, and the superego. Claudius represents Hamlets id, the part of Hamlet that desires to sleep with Gertrude. King Hamlet, however, represents Hamlets superego, the part of his mind that seeks to control his id, or his desire to sleep with Gertrude. Because King Hamlet died at the hands of Claudius, Hamlets id is gaining strength. This is what makes it impossible for Hamlet to kill Claudius. The strength of his id is stronger than his superego, especially since his superego (King Hamlet) is dead. The strength of Hamlet s id is quite apparent in the scene between Hamlet and Gertrude. In Act 3, Scene 4, Hamlet is criticizing Gertrude for herShow MoreRelated No Oedipal Complex Found in Hamlet Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pages No Oedipal Complex Found in Hamlet nbsp; Some scholars have interpreted Hamlets actions throughout Hamlet to be the Oedipus complex.nbsp; According to the story of Oedipus, Laius, his father, learned from an oracle that Oedipus would kill him.nbsp; Laius then left his son to die on a mountain, where he was found and raised by the King of Corinth.nbsp; Oedipus was also told that he would someday kill his own father, and fled Corinth because he believed that the King of Corinth was his realRead MoreOedipus Relationship Between Hamlet and Gertrude1224 Words   |  5 PagesThe Oedipal Relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude Throughout William Shakespeares Hamlet, Shakespeare portrays Hamlet with the same types of behaviors and frustrations in humans that Sigmund Freud saw at a much later date. When the relationship between Hamlet and his mother is analyzed Freuds oedipal complex theory comes to mind. Sigmund Freud first wrote about his theory in his book An Interpretation of Dreams in 1899. Simply put, Freud states that it is normal for children to have sexualRead MoreEssay about Hamlets Relationship with His Mother782 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares Hamlet, Hamlet portrays what Sigmund Freud calls the Oedipal Complex. When the relationship between Hamlet and his mother is analyzed, Freuds Oedipal complex theory comes to mind. The Oedipal complex is a theory created by Freud that states that the child takes both of its parents, and more particularly one of them, as the object of its erotic wishes. Because of this desire to be with the parent of the opposite sex, a rivalry is formed with the parent of the same sex. In the play, Hamlet showsRead MoreThe Oedipal Relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout William Shakespeares Hamlet, Shakespeare portrays Hamlet with the same types of behaviors and frustrations in humans that Sigmund Freud saw at a much later date. When the relationship between Hamlet and his mother is analyzed Freuds oedipal complex theory comes to mind. The oedipal complex is a theory created by Freud that states that The child takes both of its parents, and more particularly one of them, as the object of its erotic wishes.(51) Because of this desire to be withRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Oedipus Rex 1442 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically, The Oedipal Complex. This complex states that the male child experiences love for the mother and hostility towards the father. The term â€Å"Oedipal† was taken from the classical Greek story Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, in which the character, Oedipus, is prophesized to do as the theory states. This psychoanalytical assumption Freud made was groundbreaking and shocking, but it can be used to expla in the madness of Shakespeare’s magnum opus character, Hamlet from his masterwork, Hamlet. HamletRead MoreThe Many Identities of Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare680 Words   |  3 PagesThe Many Identities of Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the protagonist, Price Hamlet, uses several ways to defend himself against his oedipal desires, his animosity towards his uncle, as well as his own inner conflict . Hamlets hatred towards Claudius stems from two crimes committed; Claudius murder of his brother and his incest with Hamlets mother. 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Shakespeareamp;#8217;s play about the Prince of Denmark shows the beginning of an Oedipal ComplexRead MoreEssay on Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex1319 Words   |  6 Pages When examining Hamlet through the lens of the Oedipus complex, it is critical to first define and thoroughly explain the Oedipus complex, then to apply it to Hamlets relationships, before a final conclusion is reached. The Complexities of the Complex Before one can understand the Oedipus complex, one must understand Sigmund Freuds theory on infantile sexuality. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy points out that the roots of Freuds theory can be found

Literature About China s Rise Of East Asia Varies Across...

Literature about China’s rise in East Asia varies along International Relations (IR) Theory methodologies, Think Tank papers, Government research, and media coverage. This literature review covers a period between 2000 and 2009 that establishes a baseline interaction, or ‘before’ (George and Bennett 2005, 166) outcome, among and between the key actors under investigation in this study. Use later in this predictive study, content post-2009 serves to judge a change in interaction. Many well-informed accounts exist on China’s rise. Aside from IR methodologies, research tools use in the subsequent literature includes scenario, structured, focus comparison, and counterfactual methods. For China’s rise, in general, the published studies agreed the outlook for trade was high, the ‘hub and spoke’ alliance purpose questioned, and a prospect of war was low. IR Debates Within the IR field of study, the debate about China’s rise offers divergent viewpoints. For example, the opposing views between Offensive Realist Mearsheimer, and eclectic arguments by Kang. In a 2003 article, â€Å"Getting Asia Wrong,† Kang responds directly to Offensive Realist claims by Mearsheimer in 2001, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. Opposing the central assumption that Asian states would resist China, other states as per Kang, are not balancing China, rather are climbing on China’s bandwagon. In response to Kang, Mearsheimer (2006) in â€Å"China’s Unpeaceful Rise,† asserts actors like Japan, South Korea,Show MoreRelatedForeign Aid and Economic Growth in the Developing Countries - a Cross-Country Empirical Analysis12252 Words   |  50 Pagesquestion which has drawn the attention of many scholars over time. Papanek (1972) finds a positive relation between aid and growth. Fayissa and El-Kaissy (1999) show that aid positively affects economic growth in developing countries. 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Nicole Kidman is Now Pregnant with Keith Urban’s Baby Free Essays

The life of celebrities has always been an open book to the public. How they spend their free time and the milestones they experience are also being followed by the swarming people. Nicole Kidman, being one of the most sought after actresses, was not excluded from this. We will write a custom essay sample on Nicole Kidman is Now Pregnant with Keith Urban’s Baby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her pregnancy at the age of 40 was sort of a shock for the viewing public. We all know that this is Nicole’s first biological child, even if she was married to Tom Cruise for a period of time. She had two adopted children, one was aged 15 while the other was 12 years old. Speculations arose during her marriage to Tom Cruise as to why they never had their own children. Those speculations were never proven and everything else vanished after some time. After reading the article, I contemplated on the fact that the feature was somewhat biased. Come to think of it, when you write a specific article, one should bear in mind to show both sides of the story. In this case, all that we can see were the good points in their relationship and what were in the news. Nothing much was mentioned as to why she never had biological children even before she reached the age of 40. Even her feelings as a â€Å"mom-to-be† again were not disclosed. Another point that should be emphasized is the fact that the article did not dwell much on her pregnancy. The article was short and lacked more information that could have made the feature much more interesting to the viewers. It should have focused more on specific details, such as to why Keith and Nicole did not have the baby immediately after their wedding, and so forth. References: (January 7, 2008). Nicole Kidman is Pregnant. Retrieved January 9, 2008 from How to cite Nicole Kidman is Now Pregnant with Keith Urban’s Baby, Papers

Lack of Bioequivalence Between Disulfiram Formulations free essay sample

Lack of bioequivalence between disulfiram formulations Exemplified by a tablet/effervescent tablet study Andersen, M. P. Lack of bioequivalence between disulfiram formulations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992: 86: 31-35. M. P. Andersen Pharmacokinetic Laboratory AIS Dumex (Dumex Ltd. ), DK-2300 Copenhagen Abstract A comparison of the bioavailability of disulfiram (DSF) after administration of non-effervescent Antabusea tablets (CP Pharmaceuticals, UK) and [emailprotected] tablets [emailprotected](A/S Dumex, DK) has been made in two cross-over studies. The first study included 6 volunteers who were given 400 mg DSF after an overnight fast. The bioavailability of DSF after administration of noneffervescent was found to be only 27 Vo of that achieved with effervescent tablets. The second study included 24 volunteers who were given 800 mg DSF after a light standardized meal. The relative bioavailability of DSF after administration of non-effervescent compared with effervescent tablets was found to be only 34 Yo. In addition to the difference in bioavailability of DSF after administration of the two preparations, a considerable difference was seen between the two studies. A light meal seems both to increase the bioavailability of DSF and to reduce the interindividual variation. A two to threefold increase in the bioavailability of DSF was found. Thus, the bioavailability of DSF appears to depend o n both the formulation (preparation) and the mode of administration. A lack of bioequivalence between the two investigated DSF preparations was found. Keywords: Disulfiram, methyldiethyldithiocarbamate, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics Introduction Although Disulfiram (DSF) has been used in the treatment of alcoholism for many years [l], its pharmacokinetics, including bioavailability and metabolism, are not very well known. Recent years have seen the introduction of better analytical equipment and some light has been shed on the metabolism of I X F , but new metabolites are still being discovered. The bioavailability of DSF is, however, difficult to measure, partly because DSF cannot be administered intravenously owing to its insolubility in aqueous media, and partly because, after absorption it almost immediately cleaves to its monomer, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) [2,3,4],which is again further metabolised. Thus, DSF is not detectable in plasma after a single administration, only after repeated administrations [5]. The bioavailability of DSF in humans has been studied with radioactive labelled DSF (I4Cor 3sS)[ 1,6, 7, 81. Faeces were collected for at least 72 hours after administration and the radioactivity was measured. Bioavailability was found to be 80-90 Yo, i. e. almost complete. This method has the disadvantage that measurement of the radioactivity is non-selective, and decomposition of DSF before absorption is not taken into account. For comparison of the bioavailability of a particular drug substance in various preparations, measurement of a metabolite in plasma is often a useful indicator of the relative bioavailability. DSF cleaves to its monomer DDC, which is further metabolised to methyl diethyldithiocarbamate (Me-DDC) [2, 9, 10, 111. Me-DDC is stable in plasma, it is produced in measurable amounts, and it has a â€Å"suitable† plasma half-life (tm = 6. 3 hours) [lo]. The serum concentration of MeDDC is thus considered a usable measurement of the relative bioavailability of DSF in the comparison of different preparations. The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of DSF after oral administration of [emailprotected] tablets (produced by CP Pharmaceuticals, UK) and [emailprotected] effervescent tablets (produced by A/S Dumex, DK). Materials and methods A pilot study was performed before the main study. Both studies were carried out in a randomised cross- 31 M. P. Andersen j , ii i Figure I: Mean serum concentrations of the DSF metabolite Me-DDC as a function of time after oral administration of [emailprotected] tablets and [emailprotected] 2 x 200 mg. (n = 6) Figure 2. Mean serum concentrations of the DSF metabolite Me-DDC as a function of time, after administration of 2 x 400 mg DSF as Antabus effervescent tablets and 4 x 200 mg DSF as [emailprotected] (n = 24) Lack of bioequivalence between disulfiram formulations ver design with volunteers. The two trial days were separated by a one-week wash-out period. Blood samples were taken from the volunteers according to the following schedule: Before administration, at 15,30,45,60,90, 120, and 150 minutes, and at 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours. Serum samples were assayed for Me-DDC by a specific liquid chromatographic method [ 121. The limit of quantitation was 5 ng/ml. before and, apart from the light meal, until 4 hours after administration. Twenty-four volunteers were entered in the study (14 men and 10 women; mean age 24 4 years). Results of the main study Mean serum concentrations of Me-DDC as a function of time are shown in Fig. 2. The t,, C,,,, AUC? , and AUC; are given in Table I. C,,, is the maximum Me-DDC serum concentration, and t,,, is the time at which it occurs. The half-life (t,,z) of Me-DDC in serum is calculated on the serum concentrations of Me-DDC in the elimination phase (8-24 hours) by single logarithmic regression. AUC? is the area under the serum concentration time curve calculated by the trapezoidal rule. AUC; is found by adding AUCi4 and AUC; , where AUC; is calculated on the tl,z and the serum concentration of Me-DDC at 24 hours as estimated by linear regression. The relative bioavailability of Me-DDC AUC; (tabl) F,,, = * 100% AUC; (eff. tabl) after administration of the two preparations is shown in Table I. An analysis of variance on C,,,, t,,, and AUC; was done with the main effects, SUBJECT within SEQUENCE (order of treatments), SEQUENCE, PERIOD and TREATMENT. The results are listed in Table 11. No statistically significant difference was found in the t,,, (p = 0. 96), whereas there was a statistically significant difference in the C,,, (p 0. 0001) and the AUC; (p

Presidents of the Philippine Republic free essay sample

This list starts from the ratification of the Philippine Constitution in the First Republic after the independence of the country in 1898. Thus, this list starts from the ratification of 1899 Constitution where Emilio Aguinaldo was the President of the Republic of the Philippines. The dates followed by their names are the dates of their terms: Presidents of the Philippines from Past to Present: 1. General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 01, 1901) * First President Youngest President – he became the country’s leader at the age of 28 * Longest-lived president – he died when he was 94 * One of the active leaders of KKK * Signed the Pact of Biak na Bato * Known as the President of the Revolutionary Government * He fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence 2. Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 01, 1944) * First Senate President elected as President of the Philippines * First President elected through a natio nal election * First President under the Commonwealth He created National Council of Education * He initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth * He made Tagalog / Filipino as the National Language of the Philippines 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Presidents of the Philippine Republic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945) * He was considered as the Legitimate President of the Philippines * He organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) * He declared Martial Law in 1944 * He and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the Philippines 4. Sergio Osmena (August 01, 1944 – May 28, 1946) * He was 65 when he became President making him the oldest President to hold the office * He was the First Visayan to become President * He joined US General Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II * During his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund * On his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress . Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) * He was inaugurated as the New and First President of the New Republic because the Philippines was finally free after the WWII * In his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule * Under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by the Congress 6. Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953) * Under his term Hukbalahap movement was active * He created Social Security Commission * He also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption * In 1948, Quezon City was the Capital of the Philippines * Peso and Dollar Exchange Rate at his time was USD 1 – PHP 2 7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957) * He was a Chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs He was the First President sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog in his inauguration * His Presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the cleanest and zero-corruption * The Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries * He established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among his agrarian reforms 8. Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961) * He was known for â€Å"Filipino First Policy† * He established the Aus terity Program focusing on Filipino Trade and Commerce * He was known as the â€Å"Prince of Visayan Poets† and the â€Å"Bard from Bohol† * Cultural Arts was revived during his time * He was the First President to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani 9. Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965) * He established the First Land Reform Law * He placed the Philippines Currency Peso, on the currency exchange market * He made June 12, 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day * He signed the Minimum Wage Law He signed the Creation of the Philippine Veteran’s Bank 10. Ferdinand E. Marcos (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986) * He was President for 21 years and only quit office after the People Power Revolution * He was one of the best and brightest presidents of all time * He was the First President to win a second term * He declared Martial Law on September 22, 1972 * He increased the size of the Philippine Military and Armed Forces * In 1980, GNP was 4 ti mes greater than 1972 In 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia * He built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and infrastructures than all former presidents did combined * In his time, Philippines was the Richest Country in Asia * In his time, No Foreigners was allowed to buy Real Estate in Philippines * Philippines was the No. 1 exporter of Rice and Sugar in the world * Drugs are not rampant and drinking alcohol on the side of the roads is prohibited * Peso and Dollar Exchange Rate at his time was USD 1 – PHP 1. 0 * During his time, Philippines was the first country to have Airport in Asia * Philippines was the first country to have Train in Asia * President Marcos have briefly brought into the limelight the Sabah claim once more * Under the regime of Martial law in July 1973, he announced the decision to build a nuclear power plant * The only President that does not make use of a cheat sheet when giving a speech here and abroad 11. Corazo n C. Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992) * She was named â€Å"Woman of the Year† in 1986 by Time Magazine * She was the First Woman President of the Philippines and Asia * She abolished 1973 Marcos Constitution brought the new Constitution of the Philippines * Signed the Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code * One of 100 Women Who Shaped World History * One of 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century * One of 65 Great Asian Heroes * A recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize for international understanding 12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998) During his time, the Philippines was cited as Asia’s Next Economic Tiger because he brought back economic growth * The Philippines celebrated Centennial Independence in 1998 * He’s the only Filipino who received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George) * He led the 4th APEC Summit held in the Philippines * His â€Å"Philippines 2000† vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the best in the world in the mid-90s * Death Penalty was reinstated at his time He signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF 13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001) * During his time, the MNLF’s headquarters and camps were captured * He joined other leaders and politicians who supported against the Charter Change * He was cited as One of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989 * He was among the â€Å"Magnificent 12† who voted for the termination of the Philippines and US Military Bases Agreement from Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010) * She was the Second Female President of the Country First and only female Vice-President of the Philippines so far * She regained higher economic growth than the past 3 Presidents before her * Philippine Economy grew at its fastest in 3 decades in 2007, GDP exceeding 7% growth * US Former President Bill Clinton cited Gloria’s â€Å"Tough Decisions† because of her brilliant strategy to make the country’s economy back in shape amidst the 2008 Global Financial Crisis * Peso became the best performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007 * eVAT Law was implemented under her term

A Look at Come In Spinner essays

A Look at Come In Spinner essays A 1988 interview with Florence James, co-author with Dymphna Cusack of Come in Spinner (1951) offers some insight into the original aims of the book. We found that our concerns about women and social justice were parallel and we said: Why dont we tell the truth through fiction? Nobody wants to read straight-out essays on the subject..... we wanted to get at the truth ..... we tried to weave together social expectations and what women were really like. This is the key to understanding the central concerns behind Spinner, set in war-time Sydney during 1944: James and Cusack were intent on writing something which illuminated the truthful position of women in society during that time. They did not produce an essay, but their purpose was similar: not just to entertain, but also to inform, to offer a different and challenging perspective. A review in the Daily Telegraph described their efforts as a remarkably vivid and real picture of Sydney in war-time. The question then is whether director Robert Marchands interpretation of Spinner has remained true to this original objective. While the original text contains a greater amount of detail on the peripheral characters, Marchand chooses to focus mainly on the three central women, Deb, Guinea and Claire. Thus their concerns and the conflicts and issues in their lives naturally occupy a position of great significance in our minds: they become our window onto the world of war-time Sydney. In particular, Marchand explores the degree to which men continued to assume a dominant role in the lives of women, despite their burgeoning independence and a greater sense of empowerment offered to them by war-time conditions. Marchands interpretation reflects particularly on the patriarchal values and defined gender roles which premised during this time, and the way in which women both challenged and accepted them. Marchand constantly presents us wit...

How Colors Affect Us Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

How Colors Affect Us - Research Paper Example Colors have the abilities to affect human beings in many ways such as individual’s life, psychological state, and health. one of the reasons why colors have the ability to influence people’s lifestyle is because we naturally react on multi-level of association with colors. She further explains that there exists social, culture and personal relationships with certain colors,† Colour continues to play an important role in the world today and people, corporations and institutions are using it as a powerful tool of communication. Some colors send universal messages and these colors can used for a product, web site, business card, or logo to cause powerful reactions. We cannot ignore the significance of color in our today’s world. The four psychological primary colors include red, yellow, blue, and green. They relate to the body, mind, and emotions while essentially balancing the three. Red elevates excitement levels, and can speed up our decision making process. This is why we considered Las Vegas the city of red neon. Students subjected to red light before exams are more likely to perform dismally. Blue color demonstrates many positive attributes such as intelligence, trust, efficiency, serenity, duty, understanding, logic, calm, and reflection. Its can sometimes be interpreted as cold, aloof, unfriendliness, and lacking emotion. Yellow color is often associated with optimism, self-esteem, confidence, emotional strength, extraversion /friendliness and creativity. It can also come out negative as irrational, fearful, emotionally fragile, depressing, anxiety or suicidal.Green stimulates a general feeling of balance accompanied by positive attribute such as harmony, refreshment, universal affection, peace, restoration reassurance, environmental consciousness, equity, and tranquillity. On the other hand, it demonstrates boredom, blandness, Violet is stimulus for spiritual awareness, vision,

Ban driving of gasoline powered vehicles In U.S Essay

Ban driving of gasoline powered vehicles In U.S - Essay Example â€Å"To truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy†, says President Obama. For the last forty years, the Presidents of the United States have many times called for a reduction in the dependence of the country to fossil fuels. The consumption patterns of fossil fuels have utterly failed to honor the fact that the fossil fuels happen to be a finite and non-renewable resource (Borowitz, 1999). Stronger efficiency standards and high tax rates on motor fuels are some of the ways in which, the government has embarked upon to reduce this dependency. Though resorting to high efficiency technologies may make the cars go a few extra miles per gallon, eventually there will come time when the oil wells will go dry and the contemporary civilization’s dependence on non-renewable energy resources will jeopardize its survival. The need for a burgeoning investment on the research and development of the alternative ways of powering the means of transportation is to a great extent being withheld by the fact that nothing much is being done to wean off people from the gasoline driven cars. It is said that the necessity is the mother of invention. Research for alternative fuels will receive a shot in the arm; the day concrete measures are taken to discourage people from driving gasoline powered cars.

Contingency Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contingency Theory - Research Paper Example Science is a process of inquiry and is an organized body of knowledge, and so contingency theory is a science because it involves the two. Accordingly, contingency theory can as well be categorized technology, and technology refers to activities developed by individuals to satisfy their needs. Contingency theory is a body of knowledge and knowledge acquired can be applied in various organizations to change to a more efficient processes. Literally, humans develop organizations and so the application of contingency theory helps to satisfy their needs (Betts, 2011). This article clearly explains how the operation and performance of an organization and the environment in which it operates relates. More so, it provides a clear elaboration of contingency theory as a science and technology. However, some of the weaknesses that have been identified in this article is that the causation that is assumed has not been explained in a more convincing manner. According to contingency theorists, the re is an association between the environmental conditions and organizational design and this was assumed the best fit. However, this assumption has not been well elaborated and it does not put into consideration other factors that related to organization’s performance (Betts, 2011). ... nce of that particular organization, for instance, organization’s performance is associated with the internal operational effectiveness and support from external forces. More so, the strategy of Information Technology (IT) in an organization is supposed to be aligned with its business strategy since the performance of a business is promoted by effective alignment between the organization’s competitive strategy and technologies that it uses (Croteau and Raymond, 2004). Arguably, the study of competencies alignment and organization’s performance is conducted based on the contingency theory. This article thoughtfully describes IT competencies alignment and organizational performance. It proposes that contingency theory covers other issues such as the organization’s competencies and strategic orientation and explains how they affect the performance of business (Croteau and Raymond, 2004). On the other hand, this article does not provide useful and convincing e xplanation of the underlying assumptions, for instance, one of the major assumption of contingency theory is that the better the fit among various contingency variables the better performance of the organization. Furthermore, this theory claims that there is a fit between strategic variables and use of IT and this positively affects the performance of information system (Croteau and Raymond, 2004). Tackling Design Anew: Getting Back to the Heart of Organizational Theory This article mainly focuses on the importance of organization design, and according to contingency theory, every relevant axis of an organization needs to be present in the organization design (Greenwood and Miller, 2010). Moreover, contingency theory suggests that the size of an organization and its geographical cover leads to the

Budget and Account Management of Restaurant | Case Study

Budget and Account Management of Restaurant | Case Study Traditions Ltd Question One. Marginal costing, Comparison between Traditions Ltd Marginal costing for all departments and without the restaurant department; Without the restaurant, the store is profitable. The store is capable of making a profit of  £9,000. This indicates that the restaurant department is making losses. Even without putting the fixed cost incurred by the business into consideration, the restaurant had made a contribution of  £-30,500 in that particular period alone. This is a high level of loss to be incurred by only one department. Among the other three departments, furnishing is the least profitable. This is because; the amount of purchase for resale that ends up being sold is very low. This increases the stock in the store such that closing stock for the furnishing department is very high as compared to the other department. By the end of the period, closing stock is more than the opening stock. This indicates that there were fewer sales made in this department during that particular period. Question two. Financial and non-financial consequences of closing down the restaurant department; Following the financial position of traditions Ltd analyzed in the previous sector, the restaurant department was making losses. This has prompted the management of the store to consider closing down the restaurant department. Doing so, traditions restaurant is will be faced with various implications, both financial and non financial. Closing down the restaurant department will lead to reduction in the overall profits realized. This is because; the contribution margin will increase leading to reduction in profits. This is because fixed cost will be shared among three departments. Since fixed costs per period of time do not vary by the amount of units produced, the other three departments will have to incur these costs. This will increase the overall costs leading to reduced profits. As indicated in the calculations of marginal costing statement, when the business is operating four departments, the total contribution margin was  £390,500. On closing down the restaurant, the total contribution increased from  £390,500 to  £421,000. This means that a higher contribution margin is to be shared between remaining departments. Another financial implication of closing down the restaurant is that the store will be required to retrench workers. The business will have to pay employees in the restaurant department such as Claude. This will have a negative financial effect on the business. Socially, when a business retrenches workers, customers do not like to be associated with it. In this context, Claude is a renowned chef especially after winning the potato-sculpting competition. This made him famous as he created customer loyalty. Many customers visit the store because of him. Closing down the restaurant will reduce customers who also shop in other departments. This will lead to a decline of sales in the other three departments. Reduction of sales will lead to reduction of overall profits in the business (Tennent, 2008). Another financial effect of closing down the restaurant will lead to low selling of the restaurant assets. As indicated, the restaurant has been having challenges regarding its’ assets such as the dough mixer. Due to poor maintenance of these equipments, they may be valued very poorly. This will limit the store in recovering some of the costs. Other than financial implications, the store will also face non-financial challenges as a result of closing down the restaurant department. One of the main challenges is bad image of the business which will be brought about by retrenchment of employees. Potential customers dislike businesses which often lay of their employees because terminating employee’s employment suggest that the business is no longer profitable. More so, society does not like business entities that lay off employee because unemployment is viewed as bad. These employees have families and other responsibilities to take care of, without their jobs, they cannot. As such, it is viewed as the fault of the store that these families will suffer. Potential customers will not like to be associated with such businesses (Drury, 2006). Question Three As management accountant, Samantha will be required to prepare, come up and analyze financial information for the store. This will be very difficult since she does not have prior experience in management accounting. More so, the company does not keep well organized information data base. There is no previous history of management information in the company and as such, she has to first of all collect her own management information. This is rather a very tedious. In her role, she will have the responsibility to ensure that the management of the store has to make decisions which are well informed from now going forward so as to guarantee the store’s future profitability, stability as well as its growth. Samantha will have to come up and maintain management information systems as well as financial policies by liaising with the management to provide a better support service on all aspects of finance. As indicated, Samantha and some of the management colleagues such as Albert often argue. More so, the top management colleagues are old and will not for sure understand fully these financial policies so as to make sound management decision regarding the company. Her role also includes looking into the future. She is supposes to analyze the performance of the business in the past years and offer advice to the management on how to prevent challenges that the business encounters. Currently, the restaurant department is making losses and as such, it is her responsibility to advice the management whether to close down the restaurant or to put more capital in it so as to make it more profitable as Claude advices. She will be required to make Traditions Ltd adapt to changing environment. The management of the store prides itself on running the store through maintaining the standards of services and customers relationships which is mainly related with a bygone era. This means that the store cannot be able to attract the young middle class people who provide a very significant market. It is her duty to make sure that the store taps in this market so as to increase sales. She should advice the management on adoption new and upcoming trends so that the y can be able to make decisions which will inline the store to new trends hence attract more customers. It is her duty to identify departments that need reduction in operational and production costs. Most importantly she should be able to establish better and effective strategies so as to control spending. This will involve reducing the spending habits of some department and increasing others. Each department is headed by a family member and in reference to their relationships; some of the managers of departments such as Albert will not be willing to reduce their spending habits to increase other departments. Since is a family owned business, sibling rivalry will be unavoidable bringing about more challenges and disagreements among decision makers. Management Information System (MIS) for Traditions Ltd; Management information system (MIS) is vital in its role as an agent of sharing information within a business. There are various factors to consider while implementing a management information system at Traditions Ltd (Graham, 2005) (Clarke, 2010). These factors include; The level of knowledge of the users. Traditions Ltd is a family owned store. The managers of the store are above fifty years of age and most of them have little or no knowledge of what management information system is. These managers also do not have siblings to act on their behalf. They are required to access the MIS and effectively use it on daily basis. As such, the management information system that can be effective in the store should be easy to use for the management and simple to understand (Khosrowpour, 1997). The security of the system. A secure MIS should be implemented in the store. Since the store is family owned, there may be conflicting interest within the family. A management system should be in such a way that it is transparent and each member with access should be able to view what others are doing (Galletta Zhang, 2006). Stock control systems; Stock taking is a process that requires the making a list of stock with their location and value. A stock control system must be able to show make orders, track stock levels as well as issue stock. The systems should contain information on the value, location, description, reorder levels, quantities, supplies and information on previous stock history (Office, 2009). Inventory turnover is a ratio that describes how many times a business inventory is sold and replaced over a period of time. To calculate the inventory turnover days, the days in the period are divided by the inventory turnover formula. Inventory turnover ratio is a key measure for determining the efficiency of the business in management of company inventory as well as making sales from it (Wanjialin, 2004). It can be calculated as; Inventory turnover =cost of goods sold/ average inventory. Or =sales/inventory Day sales Inventory is simply the inverse of the inventory turnover ratio multiplied by 365. i.e. Days Inventory= (Average Inventory/Cost of good) *365 Question 4 Budgetary planning and control system; Budgetary planning is the process by which a budget is prepared in an organization. A budget is a plan which is expressed quantitatively for a specific period of time. It can include various items such as assets, liabilities, planned sales output and revenues, amount of resources, cash flows and costs and expenses. As a management accountant at Traditions Ltd, budgetary planning is vital in the operations of the store. This is a process that will involve identifying objectives, looking for alternatives and collecting information about them and choosing the best alternative that suits the store. The final step is to implement the chosen alternatives to achieve the set objectives. In planning the budget, one needs to make sure that the plans are properly quantified, financed and be able to control resource allocation and performance (Plumptre, 1988) (Bogsnes, 2009). The main functions of the management accountant involve forecasting. This is where I am supposed to lay down objective to be achieved at the end of a specific period. Come up with a plan on how these forecasted objectives are going to be realized. Communicate this plan to all members of the departments in details so that they can follow the plan comprehensively. Coordinate various departments by keeping an eye on what is happening within the operation of the store. Select a team of managers and supervisors who are going to monitor every day activities in the store and make reports. Come up with authorization protocol where every employee should be able to follow. To boost morale and encourage employees, motivate employees either through giving rewards for best performers or promotions. Evaluate on regular basis the performance of the store to know whether the store is in line in realizing of the set objective (Radev Allen, 2006). Some of the behavioural problems one might encounter as a management accountant are the unwillingness of some management colleagues as well as other employees in the implementation of the plan. Since this is a family business, and each department is headed by a family member, some of them may be unwilling to cooperate especially when it comes to financing. This might result in mistrust, leaving behind some aspects of the plan which will lead to under realization of the objective. Budgets are time consuming and tiresome. As such, a management accountant should be ready to work long hours without pay so as to meet deadlines (Lacey, 2013). The best way to gain budget control in the businesses is through the analysis of variance. There are two types of variance analysis. One is the fixed analysis which does not change with the level of activities within the business. The other one is the flexed analysis which is prepared in such a way that it can be altered to indicate the actual activity involved. A flexed variance analysis will suit Traditions Ltd. This is because; the management accountant should be able to monitor each and every activity that is taking place in the store. Actual profits= budgeted profits+ favourable variances – adverse variances. For budgetary control to be effective, serious attitudes should be emphasized. There should be clear boundaries between managerial duties and other duties undertaken by employees. Budget targets which are challenging should be identified and more emphasis put on them. Routines for data collection, analysis and reporting should be established. Reports should be aimed at respective managers and reporting periods should be fairly short. Time variance reports should be prepared and where they are adverse, action should be taken to get back to favourable (Business : The Ultimate Resource, 2003). References Bogsnes, B. (2009). Implementing Beyond budgeting : Unlocking the Performance Potential. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Business : The Ultimate Resource. (2003). Beijing : Citic Publishing House. Clarke, S. (2010). Computational Advancements in end-user Technologies : Emerging Models and Frameworks. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Drury, C. (2006). Cost and Management Accounting : An Introduction. London: Thomson. Galletta, D., Zhang, P. (2006). Human-Computer Interaction and Management Information Systems : Applications. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. Graham, G. (2005). Exploring Supply Chain Management in the Creative Industries. Bradford, England : Emerald Group Pub. Khosrowpour, M. (1997). Managing Information Technology Resources and Applications in the World Economy : Proceedings of the 1997 Information Resources Management Association International Conference Vancouver, B.C., Canada. London : Idea Group. Lacey, D. (2013). Managing the Human Factor in Information Security : How to Win Over Staff and Influence Business Managers. Hoboken: Wiley. Office, G. B. (2009). The National Offender Management Information System : Report. London: TSO. Plumptre, T. W. (1988). Beyond the Bottom Line : Management in Government. Halifax: Institute for Research on Public Policy. Radev, D., Allen, R. (2006). Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds. Washington : International Monetary Fund. Tennent, J. (2008). Guide to Financial Management. London: Profile Books. Wanjialin, G. (2004). An International Dictionary of Accounting Taxation : 12000 + Entries on Accounting, Auditing Taxation in the USA, Canada, UK Australia ; Clear one Sentence Definition Right to the Point. New York: ] iUniverse Publ .

The Real Monster, Victor Frank Essay -- essays research papers

The Real Monster, victor frankenstein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mary Shelley's narrative, Frankenstein is the story of Victor Frankenstein and his creation. 'It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils…by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs.(52)'; This was the time and the place in which the creature came to life. Victor Frankenstein thought that his creation was a hideous monster, but his ignorance blinded him from the truth. In veracity, Victor Frankenstein was the real monster this was evident from his selfishness, from his cruelty and rejection of his creation, and because he indirectly caused the deaths of his own family and friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The selfishness shown by Victor Frankenstein is just one of the traits that shows that he is the monster. His selfish attitude is visible throughout the whole story. In the beginning when he first discovers the cause of generation and life, he does not tell anyone about it. He thinks, 'The astonishment which I had first experienced on this discovery soon gave place to delight and rapture…What had been the study and desire of the wisest men since the creation of the world was now within my grasp. (47)'; This type of selfish thinking entails excessive pride and self-glory with disregard to the good of others. Another example of selfishne...

World challenges in the next fifty years and computer technology

In this century many nations throughout the world are facing many challenges. Most of these challenges are caused by population and technologies. Population has been increasing thereby straining the available resources as a result of inadequate measures being put in place. The steps taken to solve the problems experienced in the world are inefficient and are not concentrated on the main issues. In addition to that they do not address the root cause of the problems. Technology is also affecting the world adversely as some of the innovations are not protecting or preserving the environment. Consequently, there are economic problems as the economy of most nations is declining. The world is experiencing an economic recession. Inflation rates are also going up in most nations thereby leading to increased prices for commodities. In the next fifty years the world will face many challenges and some of these challenges include; energy, water, environment, education, poverty and many others. a) Energy At present, nations are investing many funds in research and exploiting natural resources in their territories. The use of non-renewable energy has grown tremendously as almost every invention is using this type of energy. Most modes of transportation are using this type of energy. Most vehicles, public or private are using petroleum products. Similarly, all airplanes are using non-renewable energy for engine combustion. Consequently, the first ships which were invented utilized renewable energy sources but currently for high speed purposes are using non-renewable energy sources. As result of the high demand for non-renewable energy, the reserves are getting depleted. Because of increased demand, oil companies are forced to increase their supply thereby leading to investment of more funds in exploration of more fuel reserves. In the next coming years this trend will continue thereby leading to excessive energy demand and this will affect the world negatively (Organization for Economic Cooperation and development 8). As a result of increased energy demand, the entire world will experience fuel shortages thereby leading to excessive increase in the cost of energy. At the present times, problems related energy has started to emerge and people are feeling its effects as energy prices are going up. This is reflective of what the next fifty years will be. The energy problem is expected to worsen in the next fifty years if alternatives are not sought. In solving the energy problems in the next fifty years computer technology will be very useful and especially if utilized effectively. Innovations in this technology will provide alternative energy sources. As result of more innovations and developments in the computer technology better chips which can power large buildings, automobiles, airplanes among others will be developed. Such technology will reduce the strains experienced by the energy reserves as a result of high energy demand. Currently, such chips have begun to be built (Borealis) and this can be viewed to be a step in the right direction as it leads to better energy sources. Some companies have begun investing financial resources in such innovations; therefore in the next fifty years energy problems will be eliminated. In addition to that computer technology will be helpful in exploration of more energy sources. Currently, the use of computer technology is increasing in energy exploration, but in the next fifty years its use will become more extensive. ) Environment and Water As result of the concentration of large populations in the large towns different forms of transportation have come up and are utilized. Most commonly used mode of transportation include; automobiles, trains, subways, and airplanes. These modes have made people more flexible as they can choose where to work, live and even invest their resources. However, in spite of the benefits provided by these modes of transportation, they have le d to problems related to safety and health of the people as they cause environmental pollution. This can mainly be attributed to fossil fuel combustion as most of them use non-renewable energy thereby leading to high carbon emissions (Benn). Consequently, as a result of industrialization the number of industries has increased and will continue to increase in the next fifty years. These industries are causing much pollution through machineries or technologies used in the production of goods and services. Most of these industries and especially the construction industries are causing noise pollution and in addition to that are degrading agricultural land as most of their raw materials come from land. As a result of land degradation in the next fifty years there will be increased cases of food shortages since they will not be enough land for cultivation. In the next fifty years the world will face more and tougher challenges related to environmental pollution due to increased number of industries and in addition to that the demand for transportation will increased greatly. More vehicles, airplanes, trains among others will be used greatly thereby causing much pollution in the environment. Consequently, as a result of increased environmental pollution a hot debate has emerged concerning global warming. Environmental pollution is leading to changes in the climate as temperatures are increasing. In the next coming years, as result of increased pollution, the world will be affected adversely and the safety and health of individuals will be reduced greatly as a result increased chances of disease infection. Furthermore, as a result of increased pollution caused primarily by industries, water shortages might be experienced as many sources of water and especially rivers will be polluted thereby making water unsafe for human consumption (Molden). Water pollution will occur as a result of industries not disposing their wastes properly thereby allowing industrial wastes to get into rivers and lakes. Additionally, water shortages might also occur as a result of changes in climate thereby leading inadequate rainfall. With increased climate changes temperatures will increase thereby leading to drying of rivers and other water reserves. This will in turn have a negative effect on food as crops in the field will dry-up thereby leading to food scarcity. However, in the next fifty years as a result of improvements in the computer technology problems related to environment and water will be solved. If utilized effectively and efficiently in the next fifty years computer technology will contribute much in relieving the world environmental and water problems. Through the computer technology modes of transportation which are environmental friendly will be invented. This can be attributed to the efficiency and effectiveness provided by the computer technology in doing research. Therefore, in the next fifty years vehicles which are cleaner, greener, safer and more energy efficient will be developed and used (Yang & Parent 17). Currently, the effects of computer technology have begun to be felt as scientists are concentrating on developing such vehicles. Furthermore, computer technology will also be useful in wastage management through development of software that control and manage wastes in industries. It will also be use for development of better technologies or systems for waste disposal thereby leading to reductions in wastes getting in the water sources. Consequently, computer technology will contribute greatly in water treatment thereby relieving water shortage problems. As a result of computer technology contribution in improving research better ways of treating water will be discovered thereby leading to increased quantity and quality of water. c) Education and poverty The world population has been increasing at a very fast pace thereby straining the resources available. For instance, in 1990 the population was more than 5. 2 billion while in 2000 it grew to more than 6 billion (Infoplease). At that rate the world population will reach more than ten billion in the next fifty years. People are moving from rural or smaller cities towards larger cities thereby increasing population size in these cities. In the next fifty years, more than a hundred cities are expected to contain over ten million people (Parent 1). As a result of population increase, learning institutions will be strained. Materials for learning will not be adequate due to excessive number of students. This to some extent will lower the quality of education as the number of students per teacher will become greater that the required number. As a result of high population increase and increased demand for education, teachers and lectures will be overloaded and this will affect their performance adversely. Consequently, poverty will increase as a result of increased rate of illiteracy. With high education demand, the cost of acquiring education will be increased greatly thereby locking out individuals from the lower social class. Education will therefore belong to individuals of high and middle social class. Since lower class individuals constitute majority of the world population, there will be increased illiteracy rate and in turn increased poverty level. Education is essential in improving the lives of people as it equips them with knowledge and skills which are helpful in building a great future. It also opens up their minds thereby enabling them to solve issues or problems in their lives with much ease. Furthermore, the level of poverty will also increase in the next fifty years as a result of increased demand for basic commodities. Because of increased population, prices of basic commodities will go up thereby becoming expensive to a large number of individuals. Many people will not affordable to meet their basic needs as a result of increased prices thereby increasing the level of poverty. Additionally, as a result of the current economic downturn and high inflation rate, in the next fifty years many people will become poor. Many businesses will be closed as a result of incurring many losses thereby leading to increased unemployment level. People will lose their jobs as a result of deterioration economy and volatile global markets (Monks). Currently, technology has boosted education greatly. Through the internet individuals can acquire knowledge and skills wherever they are regardless of their distance from the learning institution. As a result of technology learning materials are sufficient for the students and they can use them regardless of their location. In the next fifty years because of increased population size demand for education will increase thereby raising the need for more innovative and efficient technology. Technology will therefore contribute greatly in reducing congestion in the learning institutions and in ensuring maintenance of high quality education. Conclusion. In the next fifty years computer technology will play a vital role in relieving the problems facing the world. In spite of the finances which will be required in developing computer technology, investing in this technology will not be a financial wastage. In ensuring that computer technology is adequate developed and thus helpful in the future, financial support is essential. Companies and other organizations need to invest more funds in innovations that are geared towards improving this technology. In the coming years the need for computer technology will increase and will become a necessity in improving the people's lives.

North Korea Government

North Korea Government North Korea GovernmentKorea's division in 1945 along the 38 parallel was a temporary partition to facilitate Japanese's forces on the Korean Peninsula at the end of World War II. Andrea Matles Savada explains that before the division in 1945 along the 38 parallel, United States and the Soviet Union agreed to temporarily occupy the country as a trusteeship with the zone of control demarcated along the 38th parallel. The purpose of this trusteeship was to establish a Korean provisional government which would become "free and independent in due course". Korea was one nation until 1945, when the country was divided by the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. The war created two Korean governments, one in the north known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), and another in the south known as the Republic of Korea (ROK). The two Koreas engaged in a hostile war between 1950 and 1953 and remained divided as of today.After division, the South Korea and North Korea took distinctly different paths of development. By 1990 North Korea emerged as a staunch communist society which was governed by a leadership that hardly open the country to the outside world while South Korea evolved into a liberal democracy after many years of military dictatorship.The elections for South Korea were held in the U.S. zone in 1948 for a national assembly, which adopted a republican constitution and elected Syngman Rhee as the nation's president. The incipient republic was proclaimed on Aug. 15 and was apperceived as the licit regime of Korea by the UN on Dec. 12, 1948. While North Korea society revolves around the "religion of Kim II Sungism" and his chuch'e ideology, which is the application of Marxism-Leninism to the North Korean experience.

Kants Thoughts On Human Dignity †Philosophy Essay

Kants Thoughts On Human Dignity – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Kant’s Thoughts On Human Dignity Philosophy Essay Determinism is a philosophical concept relating to human freedom. This concept declares that every action (including human behavior) is believed to have a cause. Every situation is therefore the outcome of a preceding situation. Determinism can be further defined as hard or soft based on causality and action. On the other hand belief in free will is one’s ability to make rationale choices based ones motivation and desire. These actions are not determined by external causes. Philosophers of hard determinism declare that there is no such thing as free will. They assert that every event has a cause and that there is a chain of causality that extends back to ones birth or even before one was born. It is believed that each link of the chain determines what will happen with the next link. Therefore, human beings actions are based on a chain of event that cause them to react in a particular way. This is because there is no free will and individuals’ behaviors are predetermined. Everything that happens to an individual is based on the effect of some set cause. A person’s thoughts, actions and beliefs are all determined by preceding events. Therefore, the choices that individuals make in life are predictable and cannot be avoided. So, individuals should not be held accountable for their actions since, they are not acts of free will. The action to make choices is determined by an individual wants, wishes, desires, feelings and motivations. So, unive rsal causality is incompatible with human freedom. Soft determinism supports the idea that every action has a cause, but every action is not compelled or forced. Therefore, actions that are voluntary are considered to be of free will. Subsequently, individuals should be accountable for these actions and their consequences. Philosophers of soft determinism redefined freedom as been both positive and negative. The positive connotation of soft determinism suggested that if an individual is the cause of their actions then they are thought to be acting freely and are therefore responsible for their behavior and its consequences. In addition, if an individual acted voluntarily to fulfill ones desire then that individual is believed to have free will. Secondly, the negative connotation suggest that if individuals are forced, coerced, or compelled to function in a manner that they normally would not do, the individual is not free or have human freedom. Such individuals has no control over their behaviors and therefore have no act of free w ill. Soft determinism believes that universal causation is compatible with freedom Belief in free will is the idea that human behaviors is not just based on external causes but is the result of the individuals ability to make choices bases on their motive, and intensions, which is not determined by external causes. To have free will is been able to make alternative choices. Therefore, ones actions are not predetermined. One is free to make choices based on what is most appropriate to him or her without being influenced by external stimulus. Human beings having free will are the cause of some of their own actions based on the choices that they make. All three philosophical concepts, hard determinism, soft determinism and belief in free will share differences on the idea of freedom. Hard determinism argues that if all events in someone’s life are dependent on prior events then there is no such thing as free will. They believe that human actions are predictable and predetermined. As a result an individual could not possibly do anything other than what he would have always done, so individuals do not have any control over their actions. Philosophers of soft determinism support the concept of hard determinism in that every action has a cause. However, they believe that some actions are of free will, while others are forced. They do not believe that all behaviors are predetermined. Soft determinist believes individuals have free will to make choices voluntary. These choices are based on their prior exposures. Research Papers on Kant’s Thoughts On Human Dignity - Philosophy EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of PsychodynamicComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

The Angel of Death and the Sculptor Research Paper

The Angel of Death and the Sculptor - Research Paper Example Daniel Chester French was born in 1850 and died in 1913 and was recognized as one of the best American sculptors of his time. He was born in New Hampshire to a lawyer and US treasury secretary. His roots were quickly defined in American patriotism with his links and friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Alcott Family. After high school, French attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; however, he left quickly to help his father on the farm. He began painting after being influenced by art work from a visit to New York City and received his first commission for a statue known as â€Å"The Minute Man.† By 1913, French had received a Fellow at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was afterwards consistently recognized for his works. He was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society and was a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as other artistic groups. The works he is best known for is the â€Å"Abraham Lincoln† sculpture at the Lincoln Memorial, Pulitzer Prize medal, and â€Å"Statue of the Republic.† Most of French’s works are consistent with the Revolution of America as the main theme as well as the historical aspects of each design. The â€Å"Angel of Death and the Sculptor† is one of a few of the works which French did based on cemetery areas that were in use. The commission came from Boston sculptor Martin Milmore and was based on the memory of his brother, Joseph. The original statue was made in bronze and was caste in Massachusetts. However, it quickly gained wide recognition and was offered a space in the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The replica of the bronze was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1917 and was then re-carved in marble in 1926 to be placed at the memorial2. These concepts were used and recognized as a way of honoring the memorial that was built while basing the memorial around the honor of the Civil War and the independence of America. This was combined with the healing process that was used for the war and in response to the lives that were lost to gain freedom through the land3. The different techniques which were used at this time were a combination of subject matter with basic ideologies which

The impact of financial crisis on five USA companies Essay

The impact of financial crisis on five USA companies - Essay Example However, subprime mortgage loans given to individuals with less than perfect loan carrying capacity and declining home prices coupled with structural changes in the United States economy that had built up a huge deficit in trading with the rest of the world caused the bubble to burst. This left many with write-offs worth many billions and assets whose real value had declined substantially. Because the mortgages converted into mortgage-based securities sold to many around the world, the financial crisis turned global. Businesses now faced a changed business environment, uncertainty and problems raising funds. This dissertation examines the impact of the financial crisis of 2007 – 2009 on selected businesses headquartered in the United States of America. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the years 2008 – 2009 presented the world with the deepest global recession since the great depression and the most important of all reasons for this economic downturn was a global financial crisis (Berlatsky, 2010, Pp. 16 – 20). In an interlinked world, economic problems in one country were bound to have an impact on the others to threaten global financial stability. According to the previously mentioned author, prominent economists suggest that the United States economy that had been the envy of the world for many years now carried mountains of debt that endangered prosperity and the global economy. A desire on the part of Americans to own their homes had resulted in a massive increase in home prices in the United States of America and irresponsible lending at low rates of interest to many who were bad credit risks created a bubble involving rapidly increasing home prices that were to later collapse. In a market wit h collapsed property values, banks could no longer readily recover the amounts loaned to bad credit risks. Because many banks were involved in arrangements involving credit default swaps, the financial strains were to result in the collapse of

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Project management - Essay Example Besides, there is also a requirement for effective risk and problem management in every phase of project life cycle (Richardson and Butler 1-97). Based on this aspect, paper discusses a distinguished project namely RMS Titanic project. THESIS STATEMENT The objective of the paper is to analyse the life cycle of the project. Furthermore, the paper also describes the procedure of resource management, risk management and management of problems throughout the project. ABOUT RMS TITANIC PROJECT Titanic was regarded as the biggest passenger ship around the world. RMS Titanic was a legendary project and was the first ship to use SOS. The RMS Titanic project was initiated by White Star Line organisation in collaboration with Harland and Wolff dockyard. The project started in the year 1910 and finished in the year 1912. Nevertheless, on 15th April in 1912, the RMS Titanic sank in the Atlantic sea. The incident resulted in death of about 1517 people and loss of valuable resources, time and effo rt. At that time, the managing director of the organisation, i.e. White Star was Bruce Ismay. The model of Titanic was designed by Thomas Andrew and the captain of the ship was Edward Smith. These people are the key stakeholders of the project RMS Titanic and were liable for ensuring that every operation is done according to plan (Jones 59-80). PROJECT LIFE CYCLE OF RMS TITANIC The lifecycle of any project consists of five typical phases. The first phase is idea generation phase. In this phase, the project is planned according to expected business requirements and outcomes. The second phase is designing phase, where the architecture and design of a project is decided according to the business requirements. The third phase is construction phase, where the project is implemented according to agreed requirements and prior decisions regarding design. The fourth phase is testing phase where the project is tested to recognise predicted risks as well as procedures for mitigating them. Fina lly, the fifth phase is launch phase, where the project is launched for real time performance (Seacord and Nwosu, â€Å"Life Cycle Activity Areas for Component-Based Software Engineering Processes†). Idea Generation of Titanic Project. During 1908s, White Star was confronting tremendous business pressures due to increased competition in the area of technology and also due to emergence of new entrants in the business segment of the organisation. Furthermore, White Star also faced considerable challenges because of aging technological structure and substandard customer services. As a result, it lost considerable amount of market share and customers. In order to deal with these business issues, White Star developed a business strategy which can leverage emerging technology and can enhance the number of customers. White Star concentrated on improving the quality of journey and passenger experience as a part of its reaction to the competition. This business strategy necessitated h igh investment in new technology. Hence, in order to enhance the business performance, White Star invested in new super liners and attempted to exploit the travelling market in the Atlantic route. The outcome of this investment was initiation of RMS Titanic project which was mostly intended to address the requirements of three passenger classes with topmost priority on upper class customer segment. Therefore, in RMS Titanic project, the emphasis was on the comfort of passengers, rather than the speed

The Archetypal Hero Thesis Essay Example for Free

The Archetypal Hero Thesis Essay Archetypal Hero Thesis The archetypal hero appears in all religions, mythologies and epics of the world in different forms and stories which distinct commonalities can be drawn between each. An archetype is a recurring pattern of character, images, situations or symbols found in mythology, religion, dreams and stories of all cultures that is an expression of the world’s personal and collective unconscious. By that, an archetype is an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way. Humans didn’t ‘invent’ archetypes, but they do express archetypes in the conscious world, therefore, the hero is not someone â€Å"out there† in the universe but the hero is an expression of people’s deep psychological aspect of human existence. Heroes from different stories, cultures and times, all possess different traits, whether it is gender, disposition, motives or context. However, the common factor that creates the archetypal hero is the fundamental structure that their journeys follow or, as Joseph Campbell refers to it, the monomyth. Campbell summarizes it as being, â€Å"A hero [that] ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man. While not every story containing a hero follows this path exactly, the hero will be identified by following a similar journey, whilst reflecting the appearance and values of the dominant thinking in a societal group, with the story resulting in the hero’s people gaining independence, usurping power or obtaining a number, or at least one, favorable result to the journey. TKB

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Lpg Engineering Essay

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Lpg Engineering Essay Liquefied Petroleum Gas is an important source of energy for millions of people around the world. LPG consists mainly of gases at atmospheric temperature and pressure (propane and butane), which when subjected to modest pressure or refrigeration can liquefy. This makes it possible to transport and store as liquid in pressurized cylinders and containers, which must be safely and carefully handled. Definition: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) can be simply described as hydrocarbons that exist as vapours under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure, but can be liquefied by the application of moderate pressure. When gas is liquefied, the volume occupied by the vapour considerably decreases, thus the liquid formed requires less storage space. The material is therefore stored and distributed in the liquid phase in pressurized containers and systems and is finally allowed to return to the vapour phase at the point of eventual utilization. Sources of LPG: LPG as the name suggests, consists mainly of a mixture of hydrocarbons (Propane and Butane) with a little proportion of unsaturates (Propylene and Butylene). These hydrocarbons and unsaturates (LPG) can be produced through two main sources which are: Wet Natural Gas, which consists entirely of saturated hydrocarbons (Propane and Butane) and can be found in oil or gas fields, being removed as condensable products from natural gas and also extracts from crude oil during the stabilization process applied in order to reduce the vapour pressure prior to shipment; Refining process to remove impurities like moisture and sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans), which may lead to clogging of valves and corrosion. However, due to the odourless nature of LPG, ethyl mercaptan which has a unique odour, is added to alert the user of LPG incase a leak takes place. The product of crude oil refining fall into three main categories: The permanent gases, Methane and Ethane which remain gaseous regardless of pressure, unless refrigerated. Hydrocarbons having five or more carbon atoms per molecule. They are liquid or solid at atmospheric temperature and pressure and account for most of the crude oil refined. Propane, Butane and Isobutane, together with Propylene, Butylene and Isobutylene have three or four carbon atoms per molecule. All have the special property of becoming liquid at atmospheric temperature if moderately compressed and reverting to gases when the pressure is sufficiently reduced. C:UsersMr TDesktopIMAG0168.jpg Properties of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Vapour Pressure Vapour pressure is a measure of the volatility of the gas and where vapour exists in conjunction with the liquid phase is referred to as the saturation vapour pressure. At the boiling point it is equal to atmospheric pressure and increases as the temperature rises to the critical. Propane with its lower boiling point thus exerts a greater vapour pressure under identical conditions than butane. Knowledge of the vapour pressure of a gas is thus essential in order to be able to specify the design conditions for the pressurized system. It is also required to enable the gas offtake rates by natural vapourization to be calculated. In practical terms, systems are often specifically designed to be suitable for either butane or propane which thus precludes a butane system from being used for propane, but enables the propane system to be classed as dual purpose. G:DCIM100MEDIAIMAG0198.jpg Boiling Points of LPG The constituent gases found in a commercial LPG mixture all have very low boiling points and will thus normally exist in the vapour phase, under atmospheric conditions, unless they have been liquefied or refrigerated. Where the gases are held at a temperature at or below their boiling point, the vapour pressure will be equal to or less than atmospheric. This property has led to the development of large scale storage at marine terminals where the product is held in refrigerated form in what is essentially a non-pressurized system. Above ambient temperature, the gases exert an increasing vapour pressure, thus increasing the pressure required for liquefaction. This pressure continues to increase until the critical temperature is reached, (96.67oC for propane; 152.03oC for n-butane), above which temperature of the gases cease to exist in the liquid phase even if further pressure is applied. Latent Heat of LPG The latent heat of a liquid product is the quantity of heat absorbed to enable vapourization to occur. In the event of liquid LPG being allowed to vapourize naturally, the latent heat required is taken from itself and its immediate surroundings at the same time, causing a drop in temperature. The process is known as auto-refrigeration. Very low temperatures can be achieved with propane under such conditions; therefore in order to avoid operators receiving severe cold burns, protective clothing is required. Specific Volume, Relative Density LPGs exist as heavy gases approximately 1.5 2.0 times the density of air in vapour phase. They reduce in volume considerably on liquefaction (ratio of gas volume to liquid volume at 15.6oC/1016mbar is 233 for butane and 274 for propane) to exist as a clear liquid which is approximately half the weight of water (Propane 0.50 0.51, Butane 0.57 0.58). It can thus be seen that LPG vapours heavier than air will tend to cling to the ground seeking to enter trenches, drains and other low areas, which could make it take considerably longer time to disperse. Leaking liquid phase LPG will rapidly expand to around 250 times its own volume, therefore creating a greater risk than would occur with a similar sized vapour leakage. Where temperature conditions permit the existence of free liquid from a leakage, the product will float on any water present. This normally occurs with butane in freezing conditions and a typical scenario would occur during firefighting operations. Coefficient of Cubical Expansion of Liquid Liquid phase LPG expands considerably when its temperature increases. The coefficients of cubical expansion at 15oC are approximately 0.0016 per oC for propane and 0.0011 per oC for butane. These values are around 4 times the equivalent for fuel oil, 10 times that for water and 100 times that for steel. This high rate of expansion has to be taken into consideration when specifying the maximum quantity of LPG permitted to be filled into any pressure vessel, ie the filling ratio defined by codes of practice for different specification of LPGs under different ambient conditions. Because the filling ratio precautions taken to prevent the hydraulic filling of storage systems cannot be extended to the connecting liquid phase pipework, these parts of the system are protected by the provision of small hydrostatic relief valves situated in all areas where the liquid LPG can be trapped between closed valves. Limits of Flammability Gaseous fuels will only burn when mixed with air in proportions which lie between two well defined limits, known as the lower and upper limits of flammability. The lower limit being the smallest quantity of combustible gas which, when mixed with a given quantity of air (or O2) will support self-propagating flame. A leak of 1m3 of liquefied propane will produce 274m3 of propane vapour, which will cause immediate entrainment of air and progressive dilution of the concentration. When the upper limit of 10% is reached, the propane/air mixture becomes flammable (ie when the propane entrains, 274 10 = 2740m3 of air). The mixture only becomes flammable when the lower limit of 2% is reached (ie when the propane entrains 274 50 = 13,700m3) of air. Therefore, should a leak of propane occur, the propane/air mixture will be flammable and hence extremely dangerous until it has been diluted with more than 13,700m3 air per m3 of propane leakage. The following are the limits of flammability of LPG and some other fuels: Gas Lower Limit Upper Limit Commercial Propane 2.0 10.0 Commercial Butane 1.8 9.0 Natural Gas 5.0 15.0 Coal Gas 5.0 40.0 C:UsersMr TDesktopIMAG0189.jpg

Analysis Of Sea Fever By John Masefield :: essays research papers

John Masefield's poem "Sea Fever" is a work of art that brings beauty to the English language through its use of rhythm, imagery and many complex figures of speech. The meter in "Sea Fever" follows the movement of the tall ship in rough water through its use of iambs and hard hitting spondees. Although written primarily in iambic meter, the meter in "Sea Fever" varies throughout the poem. The imagery in "Sea Fever" suggests an adventurous ocean that appeals to all five senses. Along with an adventurous ocean, "Sea Fever" also sets a mood of freedom through imagery of traveling gypsies. Perhaps, the most complex part of this poem is the use of personification and metaphor. These figures of speech go beyond the meter and imagery to compare life to a sea voyage and portray a strong longing for the sea. The two main themes of "Sea Fever" bring the reader closer to the sea and help the reader understand why the speaker must return to the sea. "Sea Fever" not only depicts a strong longing for the sea through its theme, but also through use of complex figures of speech, imagery, and meter. "Sea Fever" is an excellent example of varied meter which follows the actions of a tall ship through high seas and strong wind. Lines one and two contain the common iambic meter found throughout the poem. "Sea Fever" may be categorized as a sea chantey due to its iambic meter and natural rhythm which gives it a song like quality. This song like quality is created through the use of iambic meter and alliteration. For example, lines three and ten contain the repeated consonant sound of the letter "w". In line three, the meter becomes spondaic through the use of strongly stressed syllables. These spondees suggest the repeated slapping of waves against the bow of the ship. As a result, John Masefield creates an image of powerful ocean swells. In addition to the meter suggesting the repeated slap of the waves, "the wheel's kick" is a reference to the ship's steering wheel spinning out of control. To further support the theory of the waves slapping against the bow, "The wheels kick" suggests that the tall ship is traversing very storm seas. Through the combining of iambic and spondaic meter, "Sea Fever" not only gains a magnificent rhythm, but gives clues into the location and movement of the tall

Factors Affecting Organizational Structure Essay

A company’s organizational structure can determine its success or failure upon entry into the market. The decisions a small-business owner makes in choosing management and employee roles within the company help determine the organizational structure and can have a large influence on the culture within the business. If structure doesn’t reflect the owner’s business goals, employees may have a hard time working successfully for the company. Change management process Research-based, holistic model for managing the people side of changewww.change-management.com Size of Business As a small-business owner, the size of your company can have a significant influence on the organizational structure of your company. If you’re running a sole proprietorship with a few employees, you may not even need a well-defined organizational structure if you perform all the management functions of the business. A larger organization requires more structure to allow its different components to communicate effectively with one another. For example, a full-service restaurant requires a kitchen manager, floor manager, bar manager and general manager to run each division within the establishment and keep the employees in each division working to task. Stage of Development The stage of your company’s development can dictate its needs regarding organizational structure. The youth stage of a company’s life cycle emphasizes growth and the needs of the customer. This may require you as a business owner to develop an organizational structure around increased customer service, including a system to handle complaints and develop better service strategies. At this stage you’re still very much in control of the majority of the company’s day-to-day business decisions. By contrast, in the midlife stage of development, your company may require more levels of management to handle the growing departments with the company. Organizational structure may feel more mechanized with you as the owner somewhat removed from the day-to-day running of the company. Reflecting Organizational Culture The business culture you wish to project to your employees can dictate aspects of your company’s organizational structure. For example, a company with multiple redundancies in the management infrastructure may prize procedure- and rule-following, whereas a company with a more lax management approach may encourage a culture of personal ownership among employees. Each culture has its place and benefits. A construction or manufacturing company has greater need of organizational structure and redundancy in the management infrastructure than a law firm where employees are working independently under the loose rubric of senior partners in management roles. Overall Business Strategy How your company intends to enter the market and become successful can play a role in how you choose to set up its organizational structure. For example, an aggressive marketing and product-placement strategy may require multiple department heads to coordinate efforts and ensure no portion of the company’s larger plan lags behind the rest. Alternatively, a more methodical development strategy may require a smaller, more focused organizational structure, so you can actively monitor all the details of a plan and survey progress.

Emperor Pedro II of Brazil

Emperor Pedro II of Brazil Emperor Pedro II of Brazil: Pedro II, of the House of Braganà §a, was Emperor of Brazil from 1841 to 1889. He was a fine ruler who did much for Brazil and held the nation together during chaotic times. He was an even-tempered, intelligent man who was generally respected by his people. The Empire of Brazil: In 1807 the Portuguese royal family, the House of Braganà §a, fled Europe just ahead of Napoleons troops. The ruler, Queen Maria, was mentally ill, and the decisions were made by Crown Prince Joo. Joo brought along his wife Carlota of Spain and his children, including a son who would eventually be Pedro I of Brazil. Pedro married Leopoldina of Austria in 1817. After Joo returned to claim the throne of Portugal after the defeat of Napoleon, Pedro I declared Brazil independent in 1822. Pedro and Leopoldina had four children survive into adulthood: the youngest, born on December 2, 1825, was also named Pedro and would become Pedro II of Brazil when crowned. Youth of Pedro II: Pedro lost both his parents at an early age. His mother died in 1829 when Pedro was only three. His father Pedro the elder returned to Portugal in 1831 when young Pedro was only five: Pedro the elder would die of tuberculosis in 1834. Young Pedro would have the best schooling and tutors available, including Josà © Bonifcio de Andrada, one of the leading Brazilian intellectuals of his generation. Apart from Bonifcio, the greatest influences on young Pedro were his beloved governess, Mariana de Verna, who he affectionately called â€Å"Dadama† and who was a surrogate mother to the young boy, and Rafael, an afro-Brazilian war veteran who had been a close friend of Pedro’s father. Unlike his father, whose exuberance precluded dedication to his studies, young Pedro was an excellent student. Regency and Coronation of Pedro II: Pedro the elder abdicated the throne of Brazil in favor of his son in 1831: Pedro the younger was only five years old. Brazil was ruled by a regency council until Pedro came of age. While young Pedro continued his studies, the nation threatened to fall apart. Liberals around the nation preferred a more democratic form of government and despised the fact that Brazil was ruled by an Emperor. Revolts broke out all over the country, including major outbreaks in Rio Grande do Sul in 1835 and again in 1842, Maranho in 1839 and So Paulo and Minas Gerais in 1842. The regency council was barely able to hold Brazil together long enough to be able to hand it over to Pedro. Things got so bad that Pedro was declared of age three and a half years ahead of time: he was sworn in as Emperor on July 23, 1840, at the age of fourteen, and officially crowned about a year later on July 18, 1841. Marriage to Teresa Cristina of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies: History repeated itself for Pedro: years before, his father had accepted marriage with Maria Leopoldina of Austria based on a flattering portrait only to be disappointed when she arrived to Brazil: the same thing happened to Pedro the younger, who agreed to marriage with Teresa Cristina of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies after seeing a painting of her. When she arrived, young Pedro was noticeably disappointed. Unlike his father, however, Pedro the younger always treated Teresa Cristina extremely well and never cheated on her. He came to love her: when she died after forty-six years of marriage, he was heartbroken. They had four children, of which two daughters lived into adulthood. Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil: Pedro was tested early and often as Emperor and consistently proved himself able to deal with his nation’s problems. He showed a firm hand with the continuing revolts in different parts of the country. Dictator of Argentina Juan Manuel de Rosas often encouraged dissension in southern Brazil, hoping to pry off a province or two to add to Argentina: Pedro responded by joining a coalition of rebellious Argentine states and Uruguay in 1852 which militarily deposed Rosas. Brazil saw many improvements during his reign, such as railways, water systems, paved roads and improved port facilities. A continued close relationship with Great Britain gave Brazil an important trading partner. Pedro and Brazilian Politics: His power as ruler was kept in check by an aristocratic Senate and en elected Chamber of Deputies: these legislative bodies controlled the nation, but Pedro held a vague poder moderador or moderation power: in other words, he could affect legislation already proposed, but could not initiate much of anything himself. He used his power judiciously, and the factions in the legislature were so contentious among themselves that Pedro was able to effectively wield much more power than he supposedly had. Pedro always put Brazil first, and his decisions were always made on what he thought was best for the country: even the most dedicated opponents of monarchy and Empire came to respect him personally. The War of the Triple Alliance: Pedro’s darkest hours came during the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870). Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay had been scrapping – militarily and diplomatically – over Uruguay for decades, while politicians and parties in Uruguay played their larger neighbors off against one another. In 1864, the war got more heated: Paraguay and Argentina went to war and Uruguayan agitators invaded southern Brazil. Brazil was soon sucked into the conflict, which eventually pitted Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil (the triple alliance) against Paraguay. Pedro made his greatest mistake as head of state in 1867 when Paraguay sued for peace and he refused: the war would drag on for three more years. Paraguay was eventually defeated, but at great cost to Brazil and her allies. As for Paraguay, the nation was completely devastated and took decades to recover. Slavery: Pedro II disapproved of slavery and worked hard to abolish it. It was a huge problem: in 1845, Brazil was home to about 7-8 million people: five million of them were slaves. Slavery was an important issue during his reign: Pedro and Brazils close allies the British opposed it (Britain even chased slaver ships into Brazilian ports) and the wealthy landowner class supported it. During the American Civil War, the Brazilian legislature quickly recognized the Confederate States of America, and after the war a group of southern slaveowners even relocated to Brazil. Pedro, stymied in his efforts to outlaw slavery, even set up a fund to buy freedom for slaves and once purchased the freedom of a slave on the street. Still, he managed to whittle away at it: in 1871 a law was passed which made children born to slaves free. Slavery was finally abolished in 1888: Pedro, in Milan at the time, was overjoyed. End of Pedros Reign and Legacy: In the 1880s the movement to make Brazil into a democracy gained momentum. Everyone, including his enemies, respected Pedro II himself: they hated the Empire, however, and wanted change. After the abolition of slavery, the nation became even more polarized. The military became involved, and in November of 1889, they stepped in and removed Pedro from power. He endured the insult of being confined to his palace for a time before being encouraged to go into exile: he left on November 24. He went to Portugal, where he lived in an apartment and was visited by a steady stream of friends and well-wishers until his death on December 5, 1891: he was only 66 but his long time in office (58 years) had aged him beyond his years. Pedro II was one of Brazils finest rulers. His dedication, honor, honesty and morality kept his growing nation on an even keel for over 50 years while other South American nations fell apart and warred with one another. Perhaps Pedro was such a good ruler because he had no taste for it: he frequently said that he would rather be a teacher than an emperor. He kept Brazil on the path to modernity, but with a conscience. He sacrificed much for his homeland, including his personal dreams and happiness. When he was deposed, he simply said that if the people of Brazil didnt want him as Emperor, he would leave, and thats just what he did - one suspects he sailed off with a bit of relief. When the new republic formed in 1889 had growing pains, the people of Brazil soon found they missed Pedro terribly. When he passed away in Europe, Brazil shut down in mourning for a week, even though there was no official holiday. Pedro is fondly remembered by Brazilians today, who have given him the nickname the Magnanimous. His remains, and those of Teresa Cristina, were returned to Brazil in 1921 to great fanfare. The people of Brazil, many of whom still remembered him, turned out in droves to welcome his remains home. He holds a position of honor as one of the most distinguished Brazilians in history. Sources: Adams, Jerome R. Latin American Heroes: Liberators and Patriots from 1500 to the Present. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991. Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000. Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present.. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Levine, Robert M. The History of Brazil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.