Oedipal Complex in Hamlet Essay - 1069 Words

Hamlet and the Oedipal Complex In Shakespeares Hamlet, the title characters main, and only flaw, is his delay. This seems to constitute the central part in Hamlet. By the definition of tragedy, there should exist a flaw in the character of the main hero, who is a great personality that is engaged in a struggle that ends catastrophically. Various reasons for Hamlets delay are given. Important issues like madness, melancholy and cowardice are discussed, but the evidence reveals that he is capable of swift action, we deem him as an intelligent man and can therefore conclude that he is only pretending madness. To regard him simply as suffering from melancholy is not a sufficient explanation as he is eager to avenge the†¦show more content†¦There are no attendants about. If Claudius and Gertrude are able to be alone, even for a few minutes, surely Hamlet could have seized an opportunity to kill Claudius, simply by having the Queen sent away. There is another reason why Hamlet delays killing Claudi us, and Hamlet himself is not even aware of it. Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychology, was first to accredit Hamlets delay to his Oedipal complex. Freuds discovery of the Oedipal complex is based on Sophocles Oedipus Rex. In this drama, Oedipus unknowingly murders his father and sleeps with his mother. Through his research, Freud discovered that all men unconsciously desire to sleep with their mother. Freud also discovered that the human mind is composed of three distinct personalities--the id, ego, and the superego. Claudius represents Hamlets id, the part of Hamlet that desires to sleep with Gertrude. King Hamlet, however, represents Hamlets superego, the part of his mind that seeks to control his id, or his desire to sleep with Gertrude. Because King Hamlet died at the hands of Claudius, Hamlets id is gaining strength. This is what makes it impossible for Hamlet to kill Claudius. The strength of his id is stronger than his superego, especially since his superego (King Hamlet) is dead. The strength of Hamlet s id is quite apparent in the scene between Hamlet and Gertrude. 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Shakespeareamp;#8217;s play about the Prince of Denmark shows the beginning of an Oedipal ComplexRead MoreEssay on Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex1319 Words   |  6 Pages When examining Hamlet through the lens of the Oedipus complex, it is critical to first define and thoroughly explain the Oedipus complex, then to apply it to Hamlets relationships, before a final conclusion is reached. The Complexities of the Complex Before one can understand the Oedipus complex, one must understand Sigmund Freuds theory on infantile sexuality. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy points out that the roots of Freuds theory can be found

Literature About China s Rise Of East Asia Varies Across...

Literature about China’s rise in East Asia varies along International Relations (IR) Theory methodologies, Think Tank papers, Government research, and media coverage. This literature review covers a period between 2000 and 2009 that establishes a baseline interaction, or ‘before’ (George and Bennett 2005, 166) outcome, among and between the key actors under investigation in this study. Use later in this predictive study, content post-2009 serves to judge a change in interaction. Many well-informed accounts exist on China’s rise. Aside from IR methodologies, research tools use in the subsequent literature includes scenario, structured, focus comparison, and counterfactual methods. For China’s rise, in general, the published studies agreed the outlook for trade was high, the ‘hub and spoke’ alliance purpose questioned, and a prospect of war was low. IR Debates Within the IR field of study, the debate about China’s rise offers divergent viewpoints. For example, the opposing views between Offensive Realist Mearsheimer, and eclectic arguments by Kang. In a 2003 article, â€Å"Getting Asia Wrong,† Kang responds directly to Offensive Realist claims by Mearsheimer in 2001, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. Opposing the central assumption that Asian states would resist China, other states as per Kang, are not balancing China, rather are climbing on China’s bandwagon. In response to Kang, Mearsheimer (2006) in â€Å"China’s Unpeaceful Rise,† asserts actors like Japan, South Korea,Show MoreRelatedForeign Aid and Economic Growth in the Developing Countries - a Cross-Country Empirical Analysis12252 Words   |  50 Pagesquestion which has drawn the attention of many scholars over time. Papanek (1972) finds a positive relation between aid and growth. Fayissa and El-Kaissy (1999) show that aid positively affects economic growth in developing countries. 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Nicole Kidman is Now Pregnant with Keith Urban’s Baby Free Essays

The life of celebrities has always been an open book to the public. How they spend their free time and the milestones they experience are also being followed by the swarming people. Nicole Kidman, being one of the most sought after actresses, was not excluded from this. We will write a custom essay sample on Nicole Kidman is Now Pregnant with Keith Urban’s Baby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her pregnancy at the age of 40 was sort of a shock for the viewing public. We all know that this is Nicole’s first biological child, even if she was married to Tom Cruise for a period of time. She had two adopted children, one was aged 15 while the other was 12 years old. Speculations arose during her marriage to Tom Cruise as to why they never had their own children. Those speculations were never proven and everything else vanished after some time. After reading the article, I contemplated on the fact that the feature was somewhat biased. Come to think of it, when you write a specific article, one should bear in mind to show both sides of the story. In this case, all that we can see were the good points in their relationship and what were in the news. Nothing much was mentioned as to why she never had biological children even before she reached the age of 40. Even her feelings as a â€Å"mom-to-be† again were not disclosed. Another point that should be emphasized is the fact that the article did not dwell much on her pregnancy. The article was short and lacked more information that could have made the feature much more interesting to the viewers. It should have focused more on specific details, such as to why Keith and Nicole did not have the baby immediately after their wedding, and so forth. References: (January 7, 2008). Nicole Kidman is Pregnant. Retrieved January 9, 2008 from How to cite Nicole Kidman is Now Pregnant with Keith Urban’s Baby, Papers

Lack of Bioequivalence Between Disulfiram Formulations free essay sample

Lack of bioequivalence between disulfiram formulations Exemplified by a tablet/effervescent tablet study Andersen, M. P. Lack of bioequivalence between disulfiram formulations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992: 86: 31-35. M. P. Andersen Pharmacokinetic Laboratory AIS Dumex (Dumex Ltd. ), DK-2300 Copenhagen Abstract A comparison of the bioavailability of disulfiram (DSF) after administration of non-effervescent Antabusea tablets (CP Pharmaceuticals, UK) and [emailprotected] tablets [emailprotected](A/S Dumex, DK) has been made in two cross-over studies. The first study included 6 volunteers who were given 400 mg DSF after an overnight fast. The bioavailability of DSF after administration of noneffervescent was found to be only 27 Vo of that achieved with effervescent tablets. The second study included 24 volunteers who were given 800 mg DSF after a light standardized meal. The relative bioavailability of DSF after administration of non-effervescent compared with effervescent tablets was found to be only 34 Yo. In addition to the difference in bioavailability of DSF after administration of the two preparations, a considerable difference was seen between the two studies. A light meal seems both to increase the bioavailability of DSF and to reduce the interindividual variation. A two to threefold increase in the bioavailability of DSF was found. Thus, the bioavailability of DSF appears to depend o n both the formulation (preparation) and the mode of administration. A lack of bioequivalence between the two investigated DSF preparations was found. Keywords: Disulfiram, methyldiethyldithiocarbamate, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics Introduction Although Disulfiram (DSF) has been used in the treatment of alcoholism for many years [l], its pharmacokinetics, including bioavailability and metabolism, are not very well known. Recent years have seen the introduction of better analytical equipment and some light has been shed on the metabolism of I X F , but new metabolites are still being discovered. The bioavailability of DSF is, however, difficult to measure, partly because DSF cannot be administered intravenously owing to its insolubility in aqueous media, and partly because, after absorption it almost immediately cleaves to its monomer, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) [2,3,4],which is again further metabolised. Thus, DSF is not detectable in plasma after a single administration, only after repeated administrations [5]. The bioavailability of DSF in humans has been studied with radioactive labelled DSF (I4Cor 3sS)[ 1,6, 7, 81. Faeces were collected for at least 72 hours after administration and the radioactivity was measured. Bioavailability was found to be 80-90 Yo, i. e. almost complete. This method has the disadvantage that measurement of the radioactivity is non-selective, and decomposition of DSF before absorption is not taken into account. For comparison of the bioavailability of a particular drug substance in various preparations, measurement of a metabolite in plasma is often a useful indicator of the relative bioavailability. DSF cleaves to its monomer DDC, which is further metabolised to methyl diethyldithiocarbamate (Me-DDC) [2, 9, 10, 111. Me-DDC is stable in plasma, it is produced in measurable amounts, and it has a â€Å"suitable† plasma half-life (tm = 6. 3 hours) [lo]. The serum concentration of MeDDC is thus considered a usable measurement of the relative bioavailability of DSF in the comparison of different preparations. The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of DSF after oral administration of [emailprotected] tablets (produced by CP Pharmaceuticals, UK) and [emailprotected] effervescent tablets (produced by A/S Dumex, DK). Materials and methods A pilot study was performed before the main study. Both studies were carried out in a randomised cross- 31 M. P. Andersen j , ii i Figure I: Mean serum concentrations of the DSF metabolite Me-DDC as a function of time after oral administration of [emailprotected] tablets and [emailprotected] 2 x 200 mg. (n = 6) Figure 2. Mean serum concentrations of the DSF metabolite Me-DDC as a function of time, after administration of 2 x 400 mg DSF as Antabus effervescent tablets and 4 x 200 mg DSF as [emailprotected] (n = 24) Lack of bioequivalence between disulfiram formulations ver design with volunteers. The two trial days were separated by a one-week wash-out period. Blood samples were taken from the volunteers according to the following schedule: Before administration, at 15,30,45,60,90, 120, and 150 minutes, and at 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours. Serum samples were assayed for Me-DDC by a specific liquid chromatographic method [ 121. The limit of quantitation was 5 ng/ml. before and, apart from the light meal, until 4 hours after administration. Twenty-four volunteers were entered in the study (14 men and 10 women; mean age 24 4 years). Results of the main study Mean serum concentrations of Me-DDC as a function of time are shown in Fig. 2. The t,, C,,,, AUC? , and AUC; are given in Table I. C,,, is the maximum Me-DDC serum concentration, and t,,, is the time at which it occurs. The half-life (t,,z) of Me-DDC in serum is calculated on the serum concentrations of Me-DDC in the elimination phase (8-24 hours) by single logarithmic regression. AUC? is the area under the serum concentration time curve calculated by the trapezoidal rule. AUC; is found by adding AUCi4 and AUC; , where AUC; is calculated on the tl,z and the serum concentration of Me-DDC at 24 hours as estimated by linear regression. The relative bioavailability of Me-DDC AUC; (tabl) F,,, = * 100% AUC; (eff. tabl) after administration of the two preparations is shown in Table I. An analysis of variance on C,,,, t,,, and AUC; was done with the main effects, SUBJECT within SEQUENCE (order of treatments), SEQUENCE, PERIOD and TREATMENT. The results are listed in Table 11. No statistically significant difference was found in the t,,, (p = 0. 96), whereas there was a statistically significant difference in the C,,, (p 0. 0001) and the AUC; (p